Green computing or networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Green computing or networking - Research Paper Example ng is to conserve as much energy as possible, cut down on the usage of hazardous materials and also make the computer recyclable and more biodegradable after its’ been disposed off. It was the year 1992 when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency took a giant step in promoting green computing not only in the US, but throughout the world. The Energy Star labeling program was launched that year, which recognized the computer peripherals and computer monitors which were energy efficient. The Energy Star program thus brought a new wave in the world of computers. The sleep mode was incorporated in a number of electronic equipment, including a few of the major computer operating systems, as a response to the popularity of the Energy Star labeling program. Green Computing was taken further when TCO Development, a company from Sweden rolled out its TCO Certification program, which basically certified the CRT monitors which had low magnetic emissions. By the turn of the millennium, there was no doubt that Green Computing had affected the computer industry in a big way. Commenting on Green Computing, Jason Harris (2008, p.13) states ‘Educating people about green computing is best done by the experts themselves- the computer consultants.’ The Government regulations and the efforts of several organizations for reducing hazardous materials in computers cannot go very far if the computer users don’t involve themselves with the Green Computing drive. Some steps from individuals which will maximize Green Computing include switching off the PC when its not being used for a long stretch of time, powering up computer peripherals such as the power consuming laser printing machines as and when printing is required., using of laptops and PDA’s instead of desktops whenever possible, using the Power Management feature in the Windows operating system, using alternative sources of energy to power the computer and networks, replacing the outdated and power hungry Cathode Ray

Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Essay

Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology - Essay Example As per the rating system based on animal and human data by The International Agency for Research on Cancer, where an agent, mixture, or exposure circumstance is assigned to one of five categories, Bis chloromethyl ether, Benzene and Styrene belong to group 1, which means that the agents are carcinogenic to humans (Gottschall et.al, 2002). Of the three, Benzene is the most potential carcinogen causing carcinoma of various internal organs and tissues. It is followed by Bis -chloromethyl ether in potency, which is a known carcinogen of the lungs and Styrene known for its mutagenic effects. The Bologna experiments at the Bentivoglio Experimental Unit of the Bologna Institute of Oncology proved for the first time that benzene is an experimental carcinogen. These experiments demonstrated that benzene was carcinogenic when administered by ingestion and by inhalation and could cause tumors in the various tested animal models. They also showed that benzene is a multipotential carcinogen, as it produces a variety of neoplasias in one or more of the tested animal models, including Zymbal gland carcinomas, carcinomas of the oral cavity, nasal cavities, skin, fore stomach, and mammary glands, as well as angiosarcomas of the liver, hemolymphoreticular neoplasias, tumors of the lung, and possibly hepatomas. The Bologna experiments have also provided a clear-cut dose-response relationship in benzene carcinogenesis (Maltoni et.al, 1989). Bis-Chloromethyl ether

Ford and G.M. Lose Grounds to Imports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ford and G.M. Lose Grounds to Imports - Essay Example companies, which has resulted in dwindling of the market share of the â€Å"Big Three†, with particular emphasis on the car segment of the auto industry, and forcing the â€Å"Big Three† to respond in an attempt to hold on to the large market share. In spite of such efforts the Japanese auto manufacturer Toyota in October 2004 forged its way into the top three largest auto sellers in the United States of America, displacing Chrysler from this prestigious position. This event has led to the speculation that the structure of the U.S. auto industry is likely to see a change, wherein Japanese auto manufacturers are likely to rub shoulders with the traditional â€Å"Big Three† manufacturers of General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. (1). The Japanese auto manufacturers have started edging towards and past the three big American auto manufacturers in terms of market share. There are two possible key factors involved in the pull of the American customer towards Japanese auto products. The first is the Japanese auto products are more economical than the American products, which is related to the strategies employed by the Japanese in boosting the productivity of their employees and cutting manufacturing costs. In the current scenario of job insecurity, investment in the purchase of a new vehicle is bound to be conditioned by the worsening economic scenario. The second possible factor is related to the rising costs of petroleum products. Japanese cars are less of gasoline guzzlers in comparison to the American cars, and with rising fuel prices and unstable incomes the Japanese auto products are more attractive to the American customers. This is reflected in the continuing rise in the sales of Japanese auto products in s pite of the response of incentives by the American auto manufacturers. (1). Put in a nutshell, we may take the game theory as an attempt to explain the strategic actions in a competitive environment and the gains and losses that could emanate from these actions

Public Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Economics - Essay Example (a) According to Segura and Braun (2004, p.34), â€Å"a club good is a particular case of public good, which has the characteristics of excludability and non-rivalry (or partial non-rivalry, depending on the congestion).† It could never be a pure public good nor pure private good because it has the characteristic of least partly ‘rivalrousness’ and ‘excludability.’ Therefore, the usage of this good is exclusive for the club members (voluntary) and not for the good of the public, because if a good is already consumed by one of the members, the others will lose the opportunity, and the benefits are kept away from non-members (Murshed, 2010, p.153). The non-members are not allowed to assess, join and cooperate in the group because club members’ priority is to gain maximum utility over the certain goods. In other words, club goods are not public goods but they are a ‘quasi-public’ or partial public goods, for they are only made availab le to two or more individuals, and restricted or protected from the outsiders consumption or non-members that did not contribute to the club’s creation (Brummer, 2008). ... See for instance, a single individual will not have the capacity and the resources to build a club on its own, because it will shoulder the cost of the construction as well as the maintenance. Also, even if he did, the enjoyment will be more appreciated if it is shared to two or more people as long as the number of members did not detract the enjoyment of the other group members. A theory of club goods is â€Å"intrinsically bound up with issues of inclusion and exclusion, and hence, how members are selected and non-members excluded. This implies some notion of discrimination† (Crawford, 2006, p.121). â€Å"The important point here is that many government services are closer to the characteristics of club goods (or at least they are impure public goods) compared to pure public goods, particularly at the local level† (Murshed & Tadjoeddin, 2008, p.7). One of these services is higher education or universities which can be seen as a club good particularly the rising of the student tuition fees (Sandler & Tschirhart, 1997, p.336). Education itself is a club good because whose benefits are non-rival and non-excludable, thus it can be shared without detracting the availability of opportunity to other individuals. However, because of the rising student tuition fees poorer students would not be able to obtain the offered benefits of higher education, although it gives access to disadvantage students (Kershaw, 2010). This education that based on financial and not on academic ability is some kind of a restriction in the entry of poor bright students in an elite institutions or this can be considered discrimination. Withdrawal of the public funding would only make

Ford and G.M. Lose Grounds to Imports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ford and G.M. Lose Grounds to Imports - Essay Example companies, which has resulted in dwindling of the market share of the â€Å"Big Three†, with particular emphasis on the car segment of the auto industry, and forcing the â€Å"Big Three† to respond in an attempt to hold on to the large market share. In spite of such efforts the Japanese auto manufacturer Toyota in October 2004 forged its way into the top three largest auto sellers in the United States of America, displacing Chrysler from this prestigious position. This event has led to the speculation that the structure of the U.S. auto industry is likely to see a change, wherein Japanese auto manufacturers are likely to rub shoulders with the traditional â€Å"Big Three† manufacturers of General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. (1). The Japanese auto manufacturers have started edging towards and past the three big American auto manufacturers in terms of market share. There are two possible key factors involved in the pull of the American customer towards Japanese auto products. The first is the Japanese auto products are more economical than the American products, which is related to the strategies employed by the Japanese in boosting the productivity of their employees and cutting manufacturing costs. In the current scenario of job insecurity, investment in the purchase of a new vehicle is bound to be conditioned by the worsening economic scenario. The second possible factor is related to the rising costs of petroleum products. Japanese cars are less of gasoline guzzlers in comparison to the American cars, and with rising fuel prices and unstable incomes the Japanese auto products are more attractive to the American customers. This is reflected in the continuing rise in the sales of Japanese auto products in s pite of the response of incentives by the American auto manufacturers. (1). Put in a nutshell, we may take the game theory as an attempt to explain the strategic actions in a competitive environment and the gains and losses that could emanate from these actions

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Ethics - Essay Example This paper aims to present a case study related to an ethical dilemma and the decision suggested to solve the situation. Additionally, it shall evaluate the decision from a viewpoint of utilitarianism, Kantian moral philosophy, Gandhism or Buddhism. The case study that I have selected for this paper is not my personal experience, but it pertains to one of my first cousin, Liana, who has been working as a journalism professor for many years. She has a good experience in her field and possesses a strong command over the subject (writing and sub-editing) as she has been teaching the subject in different institutions and also, holds a Masters degree in the subject. She is quite friendly and has always told me about her teaching ways and behavior that one must have with students in the class. She has always taught her students by maintaining a friendly environment and has always made herself available to help students with their problems within class or outside the class. She has develope d a good understanding with all students, and she has always intended to remain cooperative with them for their academic matters. Last year, at the end of the semester, she gave an assignment to all her students of reviewing five articles, which was to be submitted within 25 days. A day before submission date, one of her good and obedient students named David requested her to give him two extras days to complete and submit the assignment. David did not present any suitable reason for requesting an extension in the submission time. Thus, despite the fact that he was good student and always submitted his work on time, Liana did not grant him the permission to submit assignment after the submission day. For Liana, this situation was quite challenging and she considered this as an ethical dilemma for her as she was quite confused with her own decision. But, being loyal with the profession and honest with all other students of the class, unwillingly she decided not to grant him with extr a time. However, on the day of submission she received assignments from all students including David. She was happy that he had completed his work on time and she appreciated him in the class, but she noticed that he did not respond her properly. She was confused again and decided to check David's assignment before she can further comment on or think about this situation. Upon checking his assignment, she noticed that he had submitted plagiarized work. Out of five article reviews, two were completely plagiarized, while other three article reviews were well-written without plagiarism and other mistakes. Liana has been very strict with her students regarding the issue of plagiarism in their work and her students were aware of the fact and they have always avoided plagiarism to secure good marks in assignments and avoid disciplinary actions against them. In case of David, it was hard to believe that an above average student like him can plagiarize in two reviews in this manner. For an honest and generous teacher like Liana, it was an ethical dilemma to decide whether she should fail David in his assignment like she has done it before for all those who have submitted plagiarized work or she should give David marks on those three articles that he has completed without plagiarism. In this case, she was recalling David's request for granting him more time to complete the given assignment, but

Coca-Cola Versus Pepsi-Cola Essay Example for Free

Coca-Cola Versus Pepsi-Cola Essay Summary In the late 1800s, American pharmacists started mixing fruit syrups and carbonated soda water, causing a new kind of beverages known as soda drinks. The most famous brands that started in the business are Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, and Dr. Pepper; but the big long-lasting rivalry is until today between Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola. In 1886, a pharmacist named Dr. John Pemberton made the formula of Coca-Cola and the drink was sold in at the counter of Jacob’s Pharmacy as a refreshing drink. Pemberton was a part owner of the pharmacy after he left, eventually, Asa Candler became the sole owner and had the rights to the drink. Candler sold the Coca-Cola syrup to pharmacies and started a big advertising campaign which gave Candler a strong sales force. In 1899 Candler granted the first bottling franchise, which eventually grew rapidly. Ernest Woodruff bought Coca-Cola in 1919 for 25$ million, Woodruff and his son worked on making Coke a convenient product that’s available everywhere. Woodruff made a great decision at the time of the beginning of World War II; he stated that every man wearing a uniform should get a Coca-Cola bottle for only 5 cents whatever it costs. This decision made Coke have a strong market-share in Asian and European countries; in the late 1950’s, Coca-Cola advertised as â€Å"Americans Preferred Taste†. Woodruff was influential in Coke’s strategic decisions until 1982. A pharmacist named Caleb Bradham invented the formula of Pepsi-Cola in 1893 in New Bern, South Carolina in 1893. Pepsi followed a similar path as Coke in the expansion, using franchisers to spread their beverage. The company faced bankruptcy many times due to the strong advantage that Coke had over Pepsi-Cola and the weak competition between the two companies at that time. In the period following WWII, Coke outsold Pepsi by a 10 to 1 ratio per unit; in that period many soft-drink producers started entering the market with a big variety of flavors other than cola flavor. Alfred Steele became Pepsi’s CEO in 1950, he believed that his company will take over Coke one day, Steele was a former Coca-Cola marketing executive, and he helped Pepsi a lot due to his wide knowledge about the rival which is Coca-Cola. In an effort to raise the company’s sales, Pepsi introduced new bottle sizes such as the 24-oz family bottle. 1955 Steele married an actress named Joan Crawford and sta rted a big advertising campaign; Alfred Steel’s motto was â€Å"beat coke† which led to increasing Pepsi revenues to over 300% between years 1950 and 1959. Through the years many soft drink companies joined the industry, but the difference is that these companies focused on tastes other than colas, such as 7UP which is a mix of citric flavors and soda, 7UP was first introduced in 1929; the introduction of 7UP led to an increase in the national market share. Coca-Cola continued to expand in the 1960s making Coke available internationally and in the United States. Coca-Cola started diversifying when it bought Minute Maid Juice Company; Cola-Cola also produced new products such as Sprite. Coca-Cola offered its soft drinks either in cans or glass bottles in 1961. Throughout the years in the 1960s and 1970s, Coca-Cola introduced different new products such as Sprite, Tab, Mr.Pibb, Fresca, and Mellow Yellow. Coca-Cola concentrated on international markets to spread the drinks, this strategy of spreading Coca-Cola internationally had matured the company and made the brand image much stronger than Pepsi. Donald Kendall, a former sales manager became Pepsi CEO in 1963, under Kendall Pepsi was renamed PepsiCo and started an unrelated diversification by opening restaurants such as Pizza Hut and producing snacks. Pepsi extended its line of products in 1964 by introducing Diet Pepsi and Mountain Dew; Mountain Dew has a similar taste to Sprite with was introduced by Coca-Cola. Pepsi tried to keep track with Coke in order to keep the competition even though Coca-Cola was more powerful than PepsiCo at that time. Pepsi became more aggressive and competition hungry in 1970 and 1971 when they employed experienced marketing executives. In the 1950s and 1960s the price of Pepsi was 20% less than the price of Coke, but still wasn’t able to reach Coke’s strength; with the strong advertising campaigns thanks to the experienced executives that Pepsi recruited, Pepsi was able to gain a stronger market-share for the first time in 1975. In 1974, Pepsi was the third largest-selling soft drink after Coke and Dr. Pepper. Researchers from Pepsi have shown that in a blind test the majority of consumers preferred Pepsi over Coke. This successful experiment which was called â€Å"The Pepsi Challenge† increased Pepsi’s market share and made it the number-two brand. After the great success that this challenge brought to Pepsi, Victor Bonomo, president of Pepsi USA in 1974, decided that the Pepsi challenge should be deployed I all market where Pepsi is weak. The spread of the Pepsi challenge led to an increase in Pepsi sales by 20% in the biggest cities of America. Pepsi launched the Challenge all over the nation in 1977, and after 3 years Pepsi brand was widely recognized in the U.S. and gave Pepsi an additional 1.3% market share lead over the rival Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola responded to the challenge by giving big discounts in certain markets where Coke has a competitive advantage over Pepsi and by stating that Coke’s bottlers are owned by Coca-Cola, but Pepsi bottlers are franchisees. Knowing that Coke and Pepsi is a standardized product, Coca-Cola used price as a market weapon to target Pepsi consumers. Coke tried to regain money lost that was a result of the huge discounts that the company kept on introducing, by selling franchisees the concentrate rather than the syrup they use in manufacturing the drinks. Roberto Goizueta became CEO of Coca-Cola in 1980, he introduced a 1200-word strategy statement, and the main aim of this statement is price discounting in order to regain Coke’s position in the market. Coca-Cola began to influence the ownership and management of the of their franchised bottlers, despite being committed to independent bottlers, they replaced bottlers in key markets that were not deemed sufficiently aggressive in selling their product. The CEO of Coca-Cola USA stated that the company had some role to play in the reasons the buyers purchase the product by offering in several instances to increase the numbers of their investments with the potential buyers. 2) Contribution The â€Å"Coca-Cola Versus Pepsi-Cola† case study was written to give the maximum amount of information to business-oriented individuals, it gave so much information about two of the most competitive companies throughout history; the paper illustrated the history of the two main soft drink companies and also talked about other companies that entered the industry. The irony is Pepsi and Coca-Cola were invented by pharmacists who are supposed to prescribe drugs to people and not give them beverages with high amounts of sugar and artificial tastes, the case explained how Pepsi and Coke changed people’s views of a beverage when the companies invented carbonated soda beverages. The paper explained in details the huge cola advertising war that started in the 1980s between the rival Coca-Cola and PepsiCo that caused a big revolution in the beverage industry and incentivized new companies to enter the industry and produce beverages with different flavors. The case explained the positioning of the two companies and showed the difference in the brand value of the companies. The case was great also in giving the comparative analysis between the two companies, giving the different products other than the main product that was first manufactured by the companies. The case also showed us how the companies implemented different strategies to increase revenues and to increase market share and gain the most competitive advantage. Pepsi vs. Coca-Cola SWOT analysis Strength: *Pepsi: Very Innovative, the broad portfolio of products, more flexible franchise network, aggressive marketing strategy. *Coca-Cola: One of the most valuable brands in the world, largest market share in the soft drink industry, and great customer loyalty Weakness: *Pepsi: Competition with Coke, higher prices than Coke, and lower net profit margin than Coca-Cola *Coca-Cola: Competition with Pepsi, relies on soft drinks, and lacks diversification Opportunities: *Pepsi: International expansion and growth in the bottled water industry *Coca-Cola: Reduce costs and increased demand for bottled water Threats: *Pepsi: Increased marketing campaigns by Coke and restrictions to sell in certain countries because Coke has control on them *Coca-Cola: Strong local brands in some countries and negative publicity Michael Porters 5 Forces on Pepsi and Coca-Cola Knowing that Pepsi and Coca-Cola have standardized products, I won’t need to talk about every company alone. The intensity of Rivalry between Competitors: Pepsi and Coke are historical competitors, in the 1980s; the rivalry between them was very ferocious, and the cola war occurred at that period of time to show which companies’ products taste better. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Suppliers have no power over Pepsi or Coca-Cola, it is very easy and cheap to buy all the ingredients to manufacture soft drinks, in fact, the competition between Pepsi and Coca-Cola’s suppliers is really strong because of the great and presence of all the material. In my opinion, Pepsi and Coca-Cola have power over their suppliers; this helps them in decreasing their costs a lot. Bargaining Power of Buyers: The power of buyers in the case of Coca-Cola and Pepsi is high, because the switching cost is low or even the same depending on the geographical segment; both companies try their best to gain customer loyalty, but Coke does it better by playing on its customers’ emotions in its advertisements. The threat of New Entrants: This force is low, the soft drink industry is very competitive if a possible new product enters the market, and it would be really expensive and hard to position in the very strong industry. Threat of Substitutes: This force is high, especially because of health trends that hit the community from time to time, bottled water and juice companies are working hard in order to gain a competitive advantage over Pepsi and Coke by showing consumers the bad effects and obesity that this soda beverage can cause to our health, this is causing a change Pepsi and Coca-Cola’s strategies and making them introduce diet beverages as mentioned in the case, or even causing the Pepsi and Coca-Cola to buy big companies that produce healthy beverages; as an example, Pepsi bought Aquafina in order to have an advantage over the competitor.